Mishnah
Mishnah

Commentaire sur Mo'ed Katan 3:7

אֵין קוֹרְעִין, וְלֹא חוֹלְצִין, וְאֵין מַבְרִין, אֶלָּא קְרוֹבָיו שֶׁל מֵת, וְאֵין מַבְרִין אֶלָּא עַל מִטָּה זְקוּפָה. אֵין מוֹלִיכִין לְבֵית הָאֵבֶל לֹא בְּטַבְלָא וְלֹא בְאִסְקוּטְלָא וְלֹא בְקָנוֹן, אֶלָּא בְסַלִּים. וְאֵין אוֹמְרִים בִּרְכַּת אֲבֵלִים בַּמּוֹעֵד, אֲבָל עוֹמְדִין בְּשׁוּרָה וּמְנַחֲמִין וּפוֹטְרִין אֶת הָרַבִּים:

Seuls les proches parents des morts déchirent (leurs vêtements), nus (leurs épaules), et reçoivent le repas des personnes en deuil [sur Chol Hamoed. (Ce qui précède est exécuté pour) père et mère, fils et fille, frère et sœur et épouse. Ce sont les sept pour lesquels il faut pleurer. On ne déchire pas ses vêtements sur Chol Hamoed pour d'autres parents, pour lesquels il n'est pas obligé de pleurer. Ceci, seulement s'il n'était pas un sage ou un homme craignant Dieu et un pratiquant de mitsvoth. Mais tous sont les parents d'un sage qui est mort, et tous déchirent leurs vêtements sur lui, même sur Chol Hamoed, et, de même, pour celui qui était connu pour être droit et saint. Et tous ceux qui se tiennent à l'expiration de l'âme de tout Juif doivent déchirer leurs vêtements, même sur Chol Hamoed. Déchirer pour père et mère c'est (déchirer) tous ses vêtements, jusqu'à ce qu'il découvre son cœur. Il se déchire avec sa main et sépare le bord supérieur du vêtement et le déchire de l'extérieur, n'insérant pas sa main sous ses vêtements comme il le fait. Il peut les arroser après trente jours, mais il ne peut jamais les coudre ensemble. Et ainsi, avec son professeur qui lui a enseigné la Torah. Mais pour ses autres parents, il déchire une largeur de main du vêtement extérieur seul. Et il peut déchirer avec un instrument s'il le désire et il n'a pas besoin de séparer le bord, et il peut insérer sa main sous ses vêtements quand il se déchire. Et il baste après shiva et coud ensemble après shloshim. Le rendu se fait uniquement debout. Et il n'y a pas de dénudage des bras et des épaules sur Chol Hamoed. Le repas des personnes en deuil est le premier repas (après l'enterrement), que le deuil ne peut pas se préparer et que d'autres lui ont fourni dans la place ouverte de la ville. Et le jour de Chol Hamoed, seuls ses parents prennent le repas (et non pas en plein air, mais) dans sa maison.] Et le repas des personnes en deuil n'est mangé que sur un lit droit. [Même chez lui, on ne lui sert pas le repas des personnes en deuil sur un lit renversé. Car tous ses parents et connaissances proches mangeaient régulièrement (le repas des personnes en deuil) avec lui sur un lit renversé; mais à Chol Hamoed, ils ne le mangeraient que sur un lit droit.] Le repas des personnes en deuil n'est pas apporté [à la maison de la personne en deuil] sur un plateau [«honorablement»] ou sur un plateau [d'argent, d'or ou de verre. J'ai entendu (interprété comme) un plat en argent.], Ou dans un panier de roseau, mais dans un panier [de saule pelé, pour ne pas embarrasser les pauvres qui viennent apporter le repas et qui n'ont ni plateau ni plateau. ] Et la bénédiction des personnes en deuil n'est pas récitée sur Chol Hamoed, mais ils se tiennent dans une rangée et consolent (les personnes en deuil), et ceux qui sont rassemblés là sont autorisés à partir immédiatement.

Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

אין קורעין – on the Festival (i.e., during Hol HaMoed/The Intermediate Days of the Festival), other than the relatives of the deceased – for his mother and his father and for his son and his daughter and for his brother and his sister and for his wife – for these seven deceased individuals that one is obliged to mourn over them. But on the rest of the relations that one is not obligated to mourn over them, one does not tear [clothing] over them during the Festival, and we don’t say this other than over someone who is not a Sage or a worthy person or an individual who was [filled] with good deeds. But a Sage that died, everyone is his relative, and everyone tears [their clothing] upon him even during the Festival. And similarly regarding a person who is known for his worthiness and piety. And all who stand at the time of the departure of the soul of every person from the Jews is obligated to tear [his clothing] even during the Festival. And the tearing on [hearing of the passing of] one’s father and mother is with his entire garment until he reveals his heart, and he tears with his hand and separates the upper border of the garment, and he tears from the outside, for he does not bring his hand inside underneath his garment while he is tearing it, and stitches it after thirty days, and he does not mend the garment torn in mourning ever. And similarly, regarding his Rabbi who taught him Torah. But on all the rest of he relatives, you tear a handbreadth only from the upper part of the garment, and one tears it with a utensil if one desires, and one does not have to separate the border, and he has to bring in his hand under his garment when he is tearing it and he can re-stitch it after seven [days], and sew together the the tear after thirty [days]. And tearing of the clothing is done only while standing.
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English Explanation of Mishnah Moed Katan

They do not rend [their clothes] or bare [their shoulders], or provide a meal [for the mourners] except for the relatives of the dead.
And they do not provide a meal except on an upright couch.
They do not bring [food] to the house of mourning on an [ornamental] tray, platter, or flat basket, but in plain baskets.
And they do not say the mourners’ blessing during the festival.
But they may stand in a row and comfort [the mourners] and [the mourners] may formally dismiss the community. Section one: When one heard that a close relative had died, one would rend whatever clothes they were wearing. Baring the shoulder was also a sign of mourning. The mourner was provided by the community with the first meal after the funeral. On Hol Hamoed only a close relative would perform these practices. Others would not. I should note that today only close relatives do these actions in any case. The circle of mourners was bigger in the Talmudic period. Section two: It was customary to overturn the bed during mourning and then sit on the bed as a sign of mourning. But one does not overturn the bed during Hol Hamoed. This practice fell into disuse sometime after the Talmudic period. Section three: This halakhah is true in all cases. When bringing food to the mourner, they should bring it in plain baskets. A source in the Talmud relates that originally people would use fancy silver and gold vessels, but poor people would be embarrassed that they could not afford such fancy funerals and mourning homes. As a response the rabbis decreed that everyone must bring in a simple vessel. The mourning home is not a place where one should be showing off one’s wealth. Section four: The mourners’ blessing was stated on return from burial. They would stand in a line and comfort the mourner with this blessing. It may have also been recited at other points as well. But it is a public sign of mourning and should not be done on Hol Hamoed. Section five: While the blessing is not recited on Hol Hamoed, burial is. Along with the burial, they may have the formal line of comforters that would accompany the mourners on their way home. The same goes true for the official words that the mourner seems to have said to the comforters, to allow them to go home without accompanying the mourner all the way home.

Today’s Mishnah discusses mourning practices not observed during Hol Hamoed. It is interesting to note that this Mishnah is one of the main sources of the laws of mourning. It seems, at least to me, that the Mishnah did not feel it was necessary to teach people how to mourn. People just knew what to do. The only reason they are mentioned is to let people know when not to observe these practices.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ולא חולצין במועד – the untying of the shoulder where their arms and shoulders are revealed.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ולא מברין – the first meal, for a mourner is prohibited to eat of his own and it is customary to provide the meal to him in the street of the city, but on the Festival we don’t provide the meal of consolation other than his relatives inside his house.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ואין מברין אלא על מטות זקופות – and even within the house we don’t provide him with the meal of consolation on mattresses on or near the floor, for it is customary in he rest of the days of the year for all of his relatives and he whose heart is haughty to eat with him while his mattress is on or near the ground, and during the Festivals, we do not serve the meal of consolation other than on raised beds.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ואין מוליכין – the meal to the house of the mourner.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

לא בטבלא – the manner of honor.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ולא באסקוטלא – flipping a small table of silver or of gold or of glass. But I heard a bowl of silver, for in the foreign tongue, they call the bowl “Shekudila.”
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

אלא בסלין – of peeled willow twigs, in order not to embarrass the poor that come to serve a condolence meal and lack a collection of bells or a small table.
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Bartenura on Mishnah Moed Katan

ופוטרין את הרבים – give them the permission to go immediately.
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